إجمالي مرات مشاهدة الصفحة

السبت، 8 أكتوبر 2011

Adventure

أعزائي الطلبة، السادة أولياء الأمور،
تحية و بعد،
من المهم جدا، في هذا الفصل، أن نكون ملمين و على دراية كاملة بكلمة المغامرة (=  Adventure) من حيث المعنى و الممارسة. و قد رأيت أن أضع هنا ما هو موجود على موقع الموسوعة الشهيرة ويكيبيديا. و هنا سأقوم بترجمة تعريف المغامرة فقط، أما بقية المقال، فمن المؤكد أننا سنمر بها أثناء هذا الفصل بطريقة أو بأخرى.
Adventure:
An adventure is defined as an exciting or unusual experience; it may also be a bold, usually risky undertaking, with an uncertain outcome.[1] The term is often used to refer to activities with some potential for physical danger, such as skydiving, mountain climbing and or participating in extreme sports. The term also broadly refers to any enterprise that is potentially fraught with physical, financial or psychological risk, 
 و يمكن ترجمة ما ورد أعلاه بالأتي:
تُعرّف المغامرة على أنها تجربة مثيرة أو غير عادية: كما أنها يمكن أن تكون عملا جريئا، و عادةً خطِراً، غير محسوب النتائج. كما أن المصطلح يستخدم عادة للدلالة على انشطة يمكنها أن تؤدي إلى الأذى الجسدي، مثل "القفز بالمظلات " ،  و، أو المشاركة في الرياضات الخطرة. كما أن من الممكن  أن يشير المصطلح بشكل عام إلى أي مشروع يمكن أن ينطوي على مخاطرة جسدية، أو مادية أو نفسية.

ملاحظة:
عند الرجوع إلى قائمة المغامرين التاريخيين القدماء، نلاحظ وجود الرحالة الشهير ابن بطوطة في الترتيب الثاني، تلك بقية المقالة:
Adventurous experiences create psychological and physiological arousal,[6] which can be interpreted as negative (e.g. fear) or positive (e.g. flow), and which can be detrimental as stated by the Yerkes-Dodson law. For some people, adventure becomes a major pursuit in and of itself. According to adventurer André Malraux, in his La Condition Humaine (1933), "If a man is not ready to risk his life, where is his dignity?". Similarly, Helen Keller stated that "Life is either a daring adventure or nothing."
Outdoor adventurous activities are typically undertaken for the purposes of recreation or excitement: examples are adventure racing and adventure tourism. Adventurous activities can also lead to gains in knowledge, such as those undertaken by explorers and pioneers. Adventure education intentionally uses challenging experiences for learning.

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Adventure in mythology

Some of the oldest and most widespread stories in the world are stories of adventure such as Homer's The Odyssey.[7][8][9] Mythologist Joseph Campbell discussed his notion of the monomyth in his book, The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Campbell proposed that the heroic mythological stories from culture to culture followed a similar underlying pattern, starting with the "call to adventure", followed by a hazardous journey, and eventual triumph. The adventure novel exhibits these "protagonist on adventurous journey" characteristics as do many popular feature films, such as Star Wars[10] and Raiders of the Lost Ark.[11]
Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is a well-known example of a fantasized adventure story.
Young adventurers not in search of wealth, but of adventure itself.
T. E. Lawrence, also known as Lawrence of Arabia.

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Adventurers

An adventurer is a person who bases his lifestyle or their fortunes on adventurous acts. An adventurer or adventuress is a term that usually takes one of three meanings:
  • One whose travels are unusual and often exotic, though not so unique as to qualify as exploration.
  • One who lives by their wits.
  • One who takes part in a risky or speculative course of action for profit or position.
In fiction, the adventurer figure or Picaro may be regarded as a descendant of the knight-errant of Medieval romance. Like the knight, the adventurer roams through episodic encounters, usually involving wealth, romance, or fighting. Unlike the knight, the adventurer was a realistic figure, often lower class or otherwise impoverished, who is forced to make his way to fortune, often by deceit. The picaresquenovel originated in Spain in the middle of the fifteenth century, showcasing adventurers as roguish heroes of low social class who live by their wits in a corrupt society. Novels such as Lazarillo de Tormeswere influential across Europe. Throughout the eighteenth century, a great number of novels featured bold, amoral, adventuring protagonists, who made their way into wealth and happiness, sometimes with and sometimes without the moral conversion that generally accompanies the Spanish model.
Under Victorian morality the term, used without qualifiers, came to imply a person of low moral character, often someone trying to marry for money.
In comic books such as Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe and Who's Who: The Definitive Directory of the DC Universe, the term "adventurer" is used as a synonym for "super-hero" when listing a character's occupation.
In role-playing games, the player characters are often professional adventurers, who earn wealth and fame by adventure, such as undertaking hazardous missions, exploring ruins, and slaying monsters. This stereotype is strong enough that the adventurers can often be used as a synonym for the player characters. Non-player character groups of adventurers can also exist, and can be an interesting encounter for the players.

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List of adventurers

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Historical adventurers

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Modern adventurers

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The embedded lists in this article may contain items that are not encyclopedic. Please help out by removing such elements and incorporating appropriate items into the main body of the article. (February 2010)

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Fictional adventurers




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